1, Ixabiso leHydroxyl: I-1 gram ye-polymer polyol equlathe i-hydroxyl (-OH) isixa esilingana nenani leemiligram ze-KOH, iyunithi ye-mgKOH/g.
2, Ukulingana: ubunzima obuqhelekileyo beemolekyuli zeqela elisebenzayo.
3, Umxholo we-Isocyanate: umxholo we-isocyanate kwimolekyuli
4, Isalathisi se-Isocyanate: sibonisa inqanaba lokugqithiswa kwe-isocyanate kwifomyula ye-polyurethane, edla ngokumelwa ngunobumba u-R.
5. I-Chain extender: Ibhekisa kwi-alcohols kunye ne-amines ezinobunzima obuphantsi beemolekyuli ezinokwandisa, zandise okanye zenze ii-crosslinks zenethiwekhi yendawo yee-molekyuli.
6. Icandelo eliqinileyo: Icandelo lekhonkco elenziwe yimpendulo ye-isocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-crosslinker kwikhonkco eliphambili leemolekyuli ze-polyurethane, kwaye la maqela anamandla amakhulu okubumbana, ubungakanani besithuba esikhulu kunye nokuqina okukhulu.
7, Inxalenye ethambileyo: i-polyol ye-polymer ye-carbon carbon, ukuguquguquka kulungile, kwi-polyurethane ye-polyurethane yenxalenye ye-flexible chain.
8, Indlela yeNyathelo elinye: ibhekisa kwi-oligomer polyol, i-diisocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-catalyst ezixutywe ngaxeshanye emva kokufakwa ngqo kwi-mold, kwindlela ethile yokubumba ngobushushu.
9, Indlela yePrepolymer: I-oligomer polyol yokuqala kunye ne-diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, ukuvelisa i-end NCO based polyurethane prepolymer, ukuthulula kunye ne-prepolymer reaction nge-chain extender, ukulungiswa kwendlela ye-polyurethane elastomer, ebizwa ngokuba yindlela ye-prepolymer.
10, Indlela ye-semi-prepolymer: umahluko phakathi kwendlela ye-semi-prepolymer kunye nendlela ye-prepolymer kukuba inxalenye ye-polyester polyol okanye i-polyether polyol yongezwa kwi-prepolymer ngohlobo lomxube one-chain extender, i-catalyst, njl.njl.
11, Ukubumba i-Reaction injection: Ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-Reaction Injection Moulding RIM (Reaction Injection Moulding), ilinganiswa ngama-oligomers anobunzima obuphantsi be-molecular kwimo yolwelo, axutywe ngoko nangoko aze afakwe kwi-mold ngaxeshanye, kwaye impendulo ekhawulezayo kwi-mold cavity, ubunzima be-molecular bezinto buyanda ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubo yokuvelisa ii-polymers ezintsha ngokupheleleyo ezinezakhiwo ezintsha zeqela ezineempawu ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu.
12, Isalathisi se-Foaming: oko kukuthi, inani leenxalenye zamanzi ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezili-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njengesalathisi se-foaming (IF).
13, Impendulo ye-foam: ngokubanzi ibhekisa kwimpendulo yamanzi kunye ne-isocyanate ukuvelisa i-urea ethathe indawo yayo kwaye ikhuphe i-CO2.
14, I-Gel reaction: ngokubanzi ibhekisa ekwakhiweni kwe-carbamate reaction.
15, Ixesha leGel: phantsi kweemeko ezithile, izinto ezingamanzi zokwenza ijeli zazifuna ixesha.
16, Ixesha lobisi: ekupheleni kwendawo yoku-1, kuvela i-milky phenomenon kumxube we-polyurethane wesigaba solwelo. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba lixesha lekrimu ekudalweni kwe-polyurethane foam.
17, I-chain expansion coefficient: ibhekisa kumlinganiselo wenani lamaqela e-amino kunye ne-hydroxyl (iyunithi: mo1) kwiinxalenye ze-chain extender (kuquka ne-mixed chain extender) kwinani le-NCO kwi-prepolymer, oko kukuthi, umlinganiselo wenani le-mole (inani elilinganayo) leqela le-hydrogen elisebenzayo kwi-NCO.
18, I-polyether engagcwaliyo kakhulu: ikakhulu yenzelwe uphuhliso lwe-PTMG, ixabiso le-PPG, ukungagcwali kwehle ukuya kwi-0.05mol/kg, kufutshane nokusebenza kwe-PTMG, kusetyenziswa i-DMC catalyst, uhlobo oluphambili lweemveliso ze-Bayer Acclaim series.
19, i-Ammonia ester grade solvent: ukuveliswa kwe-polyurethane solvent ukuze kuqwalaselwe amandla okunyibilika, izinga lokuwohloka, kodwa ukuveliswa kwe-polyurethane esetyenziswa kwi-solvent, kufuneka kugxilwe ekuthatheleni ingqalelo i-NC0 enzima kwi-polyurethane. Izinyibilikisi ezifana nee-alcohols kunye nee-ether alcohols ezisabela kumaqela e-NCO azinakukhethwa. I-solvent ayinakuqulatha ukungcola okufana namanzi kunye notywala, kwaye ayinakuqulatha izinto ze-alkali, eziya kwenza i-polyurethane yonakale.
I-ester solvent ayivumelekanga ukuba iqulathe amanzi, kwaye akufuneki ibe nee-asidi zasimahla kunye nee-alcohols, eziya kusabela namaqela e-NCO. I-ester solvent esetyenziswa kwi-polyurethane kufuneka ibe "yi-ammonia ester grade solvent" ngobumsulwa obuphezulu. Oko kukuthi, i-solvent isabela ne-isocyanate engaphezulu, kwaye emva koko ubungakanani be-isocyanate engaphendulwanga bumiselwa nge-dibutylamine ukuvavanya ukuba ifanelekile na ukusetyenziswa. Umgaqo kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-isocyanate akusebenzi, kuba kubonisa ukuba amanzi kwi-ester, utywala, i-acid three aya kudla ixabiso lilonke le-isocyanate, ukuba inani leegram ze-solvent ezifunekayo ukusebenzisa iqela le-leqNCO libonisiwe, ixabiso lizinzile kakuhle.
I-Isocyanate equivalent engaphantsi kwe-2500 ayisetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi se-polyurethane.
I-polarity ye-solvent inefuthe elikhulu kwindlela esabela ngayo xa kusenziwa i-resin. Okukhona i-polarity inkulu, kokukhona i-reaction icotha, efana ne-toluene kunye ne-methyl ethyl ketone umahluko ophindwe ka-24, le polarity ye-solvent molecule inkulu, inokwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye neqela le-alcohol hydroxyl kwaye yenze i-reaction icotha.
I-polychlorinated ester solvent ingcono xa ikhethwa i-aromatic solvent, isantya sayo sokuphendula sikhawuleza kune-ester, i-ketone, efana ne-xylene. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ester kunye ne-ketone solvents kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo ye-polyurethane ene-branched ezimbini ngexesha lokwakhiwa. Ekwenzeni ii-coatings, ukukhethwa kwe-"ammonia-grade solvent" ekhankanywe ngaphambili kuluncedo kwizibambisi ezigciniweyo.
Izinyibilikisi ze-Ester zinyibilika kakhulu, zinomlinganiselo ophakathi wokunyibilika, zinobuthi obuphantsi kwaye zisetyenziswa ngakumbi, i-cyclohexanone ikwasetyenziswa ngakumbi, izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon zinamandla okunyibilika aphantsi, azisetyenziswa kakhulu zodwa, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngakumbi nezinye izinyibilikisi.
20, Iarhente yokuvuthela ngokwasemzimbeni: Iarhente yokuvuthela ngokwasemzimbeni ziimbobo zefoam ezenziwa ngokutshintsha kohlobo lwento, oko kukuthi, ngokwandiswa kwegesi ecinezelweyo, ukuguquguquka kolwelo okanye ukunyibilika kwento eqinileyo.
21, Iiarhente zokuvuthela iikhemikhali: iiarhente zokuvuthela iikhemikhali zezo zinokukhupha iigesi ezifana nekhabhoni diokside kunye nenitrogen emva kokubola kokufudumeza, kwaye zenze iimbobo ezincinci kwisakhiwo sepolymer sekhompawundi.
22, Ukudibanisa okubonakalayo: kukho iintambo eziqinileyo kwintambo ethambileyo yepolymer, kwaye intambo eqinileyo ineempawu ezifanayo zomzimba njengerabha evulcanized emva kokudibanisa kweekhemikhali kubushushu obungaphantsi kwendawo yokuthamba okanye indawo yokunyibilika.
23, Ukudibanisa iikhemikhali: kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokudibanisa iitsheyini ezinkulu zeemolekyuli ngeebhondi zeekhemikhali phantsi kwesenzo sokukhanya, ubushushu, imitha enamandla aphezulu, amandla oomatshini, i-ultrasound kunye neearhente zokudibanisa ukwenza i-network okanye i-shape structure polymer.
24, Isalathisi sokugqwala: inani leenxalenye zamanzi ezilingana neenxalenye ezili-100 ze-polyether lichazwa njengesalathisi sokugqwala (IF).
25. Zeziphi iintlobo ze-isocyanates ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Zeziphi iintlobo ze-isocyanates ezisetyenziswa rhoqo? Bhala ifomula yolwakhiwo
A: I-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), i-diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), i-polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), i-MDI enyibilikisiweyo, i-hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Intsingiselo ye-TDI-100 kunye ne-TDI-80?
A: I-TDI-100 yenziwe yi-toluene diisocyanate enesakhiwo esingu-2,4; i-TDI-80 ibhekisa kumxube oquka i-80% ye-toluene diisocyanate enesakhiwo esingu-2,4 kunye ne-20% yesakhiwo esingu-2,6.
28. Zithini iimpawu ze-TDI kunye ne-MDI ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: I-Reactivity ye-2,4-TDI kunye ne-2,6-TDI. I-reactivity ye-2,4-TDI iphezulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kuneye-2,6-TDI, kuba i-NCO enezikhundla ezi-4 kwi-2,4-TDI ikude kakhulu neqela le-NCO elinezikhundla ezi-2 kunye neqela le-methyl, kwaye akukho phantse i-steric resistance, ngelixa i-NCO ye-2,6-TDI ichatshazelwa yi-steric effect yeqela le-ortho-methyl.
Amaqela amabini e-NCO e-MDI ahlukene kakhulu kwaye akukho zinto zithatha indawo yawo, ngoko ke umsebenzi we-NCO ezimbini mkhulu kakhulu. Nokuba i-NCO enye ithatha inxaxheba kwimpendulo, umsebenzi we-NCO eseleyo uyancitshiswa, kwaye umsebenzi usemkhulu ngokubanzi. Ke ngoko, i-reactivity ye-MDI polyurethane prepolymer inkulu kuneye-TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI yeyiphi kwezi ngxaki zokuxhathisa ukuba tyheli engcono?
A: I-HDI (yeye-diisocyanate etyheli engaguqukiyo), i-IPDI (yenziwe nge-polyurethane resin enozinzo oluhle lokukhanya kunye nokumelana neekhemikhali, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvelisa i-polyurethane resin ekumgangatho ophezulu engaguqukiyo umbala).
30. Injongo yokuguqulwa kwe-MDI kunye neendlela zokuguqulwa eziqhelekileyo
A: I-MDI enyibilikisiweyo: Injongo eguquliweyo: i-MDI ecocekileyo enyibilikisiweyo yi-MDI eguqulweyo enyibilikisiweyo, eyoyisa ezinye iziphene ze-MDI ecocekileyo (eqinileyo kubushushu begumbi, enyibilikayo xa isetyenziswa, ukufudumeza okuninzi kuchaphazela ukusebenza), kwaye ikwabonelela ngesiseko soluhlu olubanzi lotshintsho lokuphucula nokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinto ze-polyurethane ezisekwe kwi-MDI.
Iindlela:
① i-urethane eguqulweyo i-MDI emanzi.
② i-carbodiimide kunye ne-uretonimine modified liquefied MDI.
31. Zeziphi iintlobo ze-polyols ze-polymer ezisetyenziswa rhoqo?
A: I-polyester polyol, i-polyether polyol
32. Zingaphi iindlela zemveliso yemizi-mveliso ezikhoyo kwi-polyester polyols?
A: Indlela yokunyibilikisa i-vacuum B, indlela yokunyibilikisa igesi yomthwali C, indlela yokunyibilikisa i-azeotropic
33. Zeziphi izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo kumqolo weemolekyuli zepolyester kunye neepolyether polyols?
A: I-polyester polyol: Ikhompawundi yotywala ye-macromolecular equlethe iqela le-ester kumqolo we-molecular kunye neqela le-hydroxyl (-OH) kumqolo wokugqibela. Ii-polyol ze-Polyether: Ii-polymers okanye ii-oligomers eziqulethe ii-ether bonds (-O-) kunye nee-end bands (-Oh) okanye amaqela e-amine (-NH2) kulwakhiwo lomqolo we-molecule.
34. Zeziphi iintlobo zeepolyether polyols ngokweempawu zazo?
A: Iipolyols zepolyether ezisebenza kakhulu, iipolyols zepolyether ezidityanisiweyo, iipolyols zepolyether ezithintela ilangatye, iipolyols zepolyether ezilungisiweyo ze-heterocyclic, iipolyols zepolyether ezilungisiweyo ze-polytetrahydrofuran.
35. Zingaphi iintlobo zeepolyethers eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo ngokwe-ajenti yokuqala?
A: I-Polyoxide propylene glycol, i-polyoxide propylene triol, i-polyol ye-polyether elukhuni, i-polyol ye-polyether engagcwaliyo kakhulu.
36. Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-polyethers ezipheliswe yi-hydroxy kunye nee-polyethers ezipheliswe yi-amine?
Iipolyethers ezi-aminoterminated zii-polyoxide allyl ethers apho isiphelo se-hydroxyl sithathelwa indawo liqela le-amine.
37. Zeziphi iintlobo zee-polyurethane catalysts ezisetyenziswa rhoqo? Zeziphi iintlobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo eziqukiweyo?
A: Ii-catalysts ze-amine eziphezulu, iintlobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi: i-triethylenediamine, i-dimethylethanolamine, i-n-methylmorpholine, i-N, i-n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Iikhompawundi ze-alkyl zesinyithi, iintlobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi: ii-organotin catalysts, zingahlulwa zibe yi-stannous octoate, i-stannous oleate, i-dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Zeziphi izandiso zetyathanga le-polyurethane okanye ii-crosslinkers ezisetyenziswa rhoqo?
A: IiPolyols (1, 4-butanediol), ii-alcohols ze-alicyclic, ii-alcohols ezinuka kamnandi, ii-diamines, ii-alcohol amines (i-ethanolamine, i-diethanolamine)
39. Indlela yokusabela kwee-isocyanates
A: Indlela ii-isocyanates ezisabela ngayo ngee-active hydrogen compounds ibangelwa yi-nucleophilic center ye-active hydrogen compound molecule ehlasela i-atom yekhabhoni esekwe kwi-NCO. Indlela yokusabela yile ilandelayo:
40. Ulwakhiwo lwe-isocyanate luyichaphazela njani indlela amaqela e-NCO asabela ngayo?
A: I-electronegativity yeqela le-AR: ukuba iqela le-R liliqela elifunxa ii-electron, uxinano lwelifu le-electron ye-atom ye-C kwiqela le--NCO luphantsi, kwaye lusengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa zii-nucleophiles, oko kukuthi, kulula ukwenza ii-nucleophilic reactions ngee-alcohols, ii-amines kunye nezinye ii-compounds. Ukuba i-R liqela elinikela ngee-electron kwaye lidluliselwa kwilifu le-electron, uxinano lwelifu le-electron ye-atom ye-C kwiqela le--NCO luya kwanda, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungabi sengozini kangako kuhlaselo lwee-nucleophiles, kwaye amandla ayo okusabela ngee-hydrogen compounds ezisebenzayo aya kuncipha. B. Isiphumo sokungenisa: Ngenxa yokuba i-aromatic diisocyanate inamaqela amabini e-NCO, xa i-gene yokuqala ye--NCO ithatha inxaxheba kwi-reaction, ngenxa yesiphumo esidibeneyo se-aromatic ring, iqela le--NCO elingathabathi nxaxheba kwi-reaction liya kudlala indima yeqela elifunxa ii-electron, ukuze umsebenzi we-reaction weqela lokuqala le-NCO uphuculwe, nto leyo eyimpembelelo yokungenisa. Isiphumo se-steric: Kwiimolekyuli ze-aromatic diisocyanate, ukuba amaqela amabini e-NCO akwisangqa se-aromatic ngaxeshanye, ngoko ke impembelelo yeqela elinye le-NCO kwi-reactivity yelinye iqela le-NCO idla ngokuba nkulu ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, xa amaqela amabini e-NCO ekwiisangqa ezahlukeneyo ze-aromatic kwimolekyuli enye, okanye ahlulwe zii-hydrocarbon chain okanye ii-aromatic rings, intsebenziswano phakathi kwawo incinci, kwaye iyancipha ngokwanda kobude be-chain hydrocarbon okanye ukwanda kwenani lee-aromatic rings.
41. Iintlobo zeekhompawundi zehydrogen ezisebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kwe-NCO
A: Aliphatic NH2> Iqela le-Aromatic Bozui OH> Amanzi > Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Iqela le-Carboxyl > I-urea ethathelwe indawo > Amido> Carbamate. (Ukuba uxinano lwelifu le-electron kwiziko le-nucleophilic luphezulu, i-electronegativity inamandla, kwaye umsebenzi wokusabela nge-isocyanate uphezulu kwaye isantya sokusabela sikhawuleza; Ngaphandle koko, umsebenzi uphantsi.)
42. Impembelelo yeekhompawundi ze-hydroxyl kwi-reactivity yazo kunye ne-isocyanates
A: Ukusebenza kwakhona kwee-compounds ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo (ROH okanye i-RNH2) kunxulumene neempawu ze-R, xa i-R iliqela elikhupha ii-electron (i-electronegativity ephantsi), kunzima ukudlulisa ii-athomu ze-hydrogen, kwaye impendulo phakathi kwee-compounds ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo kunye ne-NCO inzima ngakumbi; Ukuba i-R iyindawo enikezela nge-electron, ukusebenza kwakhona kwee-compounds ze-hydrogen ezisebenzayo kunye ne-NCO kunokuphuculwa.
43. Yintoni eluncedo xa usebenzisa i-isocyanate reaction namanzi?
A: Yenye yeendlela ezisisiseko zokulungisa i-polyurethane foam. Indlela ezisabela ngayo phakathi kwazo kuqala ivelisa i-carbamic acid engaguqukiyo, ethi emva koko iqhekeke ibe yi-CO2 kunye ne-amines, kwaye ukuba i-isocyanate ininzi, i-amine ephumayo isabela kunye ne-isocyanate ukuze yenze i-urea.
44. Xa kulungiswa ii-polyurethane elastomers, umxholo wamanzi kwiipolyols zepolymer kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo
A: Akukho maqamza afunekayo kwi-elastomers, kwiingubo nakwiifayibha, ngoko ke umxholo wamanzi kwizixhobo ezikrwada kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo, ngesiqhelo ungaphantsi kwe-0.05%.
45. Umahluko kwiziphumo ze-catalytic ze-amine kunye ne-tin catalysts kwi-isocyanate reactions
A: Ii-catalysts ze-amine eziphezulu zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-isocyanate emanzini, ngelixa ii-catalysts ze-tin zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuphenduleni kwe-isocyanate kunye neqela le-hydroxyl.
46. Kutheni i-polyurethane resin inokuthathwa njenge-block polymer, kwaye zithini iimpawu zesakhiwo se-chain?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuba icandelo le-chain ye-polyurethane resin yenziwe ngamacandelo aqinileyo nathambileyo, icandelo eliqinileyo libhekisa kwicandelo le-chain elenziwe yi-reaction ye-isocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-crosslinker kwi-chain ephambili yee-molecule ze-polyurethane, kwaye la maqela anamandla amakhulu okubumbana, ubungakanani besithuba esikhulu kunye nokuqina okukhulu. Icandelo elithambileyo libhekisa kwi-polyol ye-polymer ye-carbon-carbon, enokuguquguquka okuhle kwaye iyinxalenye eguquguqukayo kwi-chain ephambili ye-polyurethane.
47. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela iimpawu zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Amandla okudityaniswa kweqela, ibhondi yehydrogen, ubukrelekrele, inqanaba lokudibanisa, ubunzima beemolekyuli, icandelo eliqinileyo, icandelo elithambileyo.
48. Zeziphi izinto eziluhlaza eziziinxalenye ezithambileyo neziqinileyo kwikhonkco eliphambili lezinto ze-polyurethane
A: Inxalenye ethambileyo yenziwe ngee-polyols ze-oligomer (i-polyester, ii-polyether diols, njl.njl.), kwaye inxenye eqinileyo yenziwe ngee-polyisocyanates okanye indibaniselwano yazo kunye nee-extenders ezincinci ze-molecule chain.
49. Iinxalenye ezithambileyo kunye neenxalenye eziqinileyo zichaphazela njani iimpawu zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Icandelo elithambileyo: (1) Ubunzima bemolekyuli yecandelo elithambileyo: ukuba sicinga ukuba ubunzima bemolekyuli yepolyurethane buyafana, ukuba icandelo elithambileyo yipolyester, amandla epolyurethane aya kwanda ngokwanda kobunzima bemolekyuli yepolyester diol; Ukuba icandelo elithambileyo yipolyether, amandla epolyurethane ayancipha ngokwanda kobunzima bemolekyuli yepolyether diol, kodwa ulwandiso luyanda. (2) Ubunzulu bekristali yecandelo elithambileyo: Inegalelo elikhulu kwikristali yecandelo le-polyurethane chain elithe ngqo. Ngokubanzi, ikristali iluncedo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweemveliso zepolyurethane, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ikristali inciphisa ukuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi bezinto, kwaye ipolymer yekristali idla ngokungacaci.
Icandelo eliqinileyo: Icandelo le-hard chain lidla ngokuchaphazela ubushushu obuthambileyo nobunyibilikayo kunye neempawu zobushushu obuphezulu bepolymer. Iipolyurethanes ezilungiselelwe yi-aromatic isocyanates ziqulathe izangqa eziqinileyo ze-aromatic, ngoko ke amandla e-polymer kwicandelo eliqinileyo ayanda, kwaye amandla ezinto ngokubanzi makhulu kunee-polyurethanes ze-aliphatic isocyanate, kodwa ukumelana nokubola kwe-ultraviolet kuphantsi, kwaye kulula ukuba tyheli. Ii-polyurethanes ze-Aliphatic azityheli.
50. Uhlu lwe-polyurethane foam
A: (1) igwebu eliqinileyo kunye negwebu elithambileyo, (2) igwebu elixineneyo kunye negwebu eliphantsi, (3) uhlobo lwe-polyester, igwebu elifana ne-polyether, (4) uhlobo lwe-TDI, igwebu elifana ne-MDI, (5) igwebu le-polyurethane kunye negwebu le-polyisocyanurate, (6) indlela yenyathelo elinye kunye nendlela yokuvelisa i-prepolymerization, indlela eqhubekayo kunye nemveliso engapheliyo, (8) igwebu lebhloko kunye negwebu elibunjiweyo.
51. Iimpendulo ezisisiseko ekulungiseleleni igwebu
A: Ibhekisa kwimpendulo ye--NCO kunye ne-OH, -NH2 kunye ne-H2O, kwaye xa isabela kwi-polyols, "impendulo yejeli" kwinkqubo yokufutha ibhekisa kwimpendulo yokwakheka kwe-carbamate. Ngenxa yokuba izinto eziluhlaza zejeli zisebenzisa izinto eziluhlaza ezininzi, kufunyanwa inethiwekhi edibeneyo, evumela inkqubo yokufutha ukuba ifutha ngokukhawuleza.
I-reaction ye-foam yenzeka kwinkqubo ye-foam xa kukho amanzi. Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-"foaming reaction" ngokubanzi kubhekisa kwi-reaction yamanzi kunye ne-isocyanate ukuvelisa i-urea ethathe indawo yayo kunye nokukhupha i-CO2.
52. Indlela yokwenza iinucleation zamaqamza
Izinto eziluhlaza ziyasabela kulwelo okanye zixhomekeke kubushushu obuveliswa yimpendulo ukuze kuveliswe into erhabaxa kwaye iguqule igesi. Ngokuqhubeka kwempendulo kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu obukhulu bokusabela, ubungakanani bezinto ezirhabaxa kunye nokuguquguquka buyanda ngokuqhubekayo. Xa uxinzelelo lwegesi lusanda ngaphaya koxinzelelo lokugcwala, iqamza elihlala lihleli liqala ukwakheka kwisigaba sesisombululo kwaye linyuke.
53. Indima ye-foam stabilizer ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane foam
A: Inefuthe le-emulsification, ukuze ukunyibilika okulinganayo phakathi kwezinto ze-foam kuphuculwe; Emva kokongezwa kwe-silicone surfactant, kuba inciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomphezulu i-γ yolwelo, amandla akhululekileyo afunekayo ekusasazekeni kwegesi ayancitshiswa, ukuze umoya osasazekileyo kwizinto ezikrwada ube nokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba unyibilike ngexesha lenkqubo yokuxuba, nto leyo enegalelo ekuvelisweni kwamaqamza amancinci kwaye iphucule uzinzo lwe-foam.
54. Indlela yozinzo lwefoam
A: Ukongezwa kwee-surfactants ezifanelekileyo kunceda ekwakhiweni kokusasazwa kweebhamuza ezincinci.
55. Indlela yokwenziwa kwefoam yeseli evulekileyo kunye nefoam yeseli evaliweyo
A: Indlela yokwakheka kwefoam evulekileyo: Kwiimeko ezininzi, xa kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu kwiqamza, amandla odonga lweqamza olwenziwa yi-gel reaction akaphezulu, kwaye ifilimu yodonga ayinakumelana nokunwebeka okubangelwa kukunyuka koxinzelelo lwegesi, ifilimu yodonga lweqamza iyatsalwa, kwaye igesi iphuma ekuqhekekeni, yenze ifoam evulekileyo.
Indlela yokwenza ifoam evaliweyo: Kwinkqubo yamaqamza aqinileyo, ngenxa yempendulo yeepolyether polyols ezinobunzima obuninzi kunye nobunzima obuphantsi beemolekyuli ezinepolyisocyanate, isantya sejeli sikhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye igesi ekwiqamza ayinakuphula udonga lwamaqamza, ngaloo ndlela yenze ifoam yamaqamza avaliweyo.
56. Indlela yokwenza igwebu yesixhobo sokwenza igwebu ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nesixhobo sokwenza igwebu ngeekhemikhali
A: I-arhente yokuvuthela ngokwasemzimbeni: I-arhente yokuvuthela ngokwasemzimbeni ziimbobo ze-foam ezenziwa ngokutshintsha kohlobo lwento ethile, oko kukuthi, ngokwandiswa kwegesi ecinezelweyo, ukuguquguquka kolwelo okanye ukunyibilika kwento eqinileyo.
Ii-chemical blowing agents: Ii-chemical blowing agents zii-compounds ezithi, xa ziboliswe bubushushu, zikhuphe iigesi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen kwaye zenze ii-pores ezincinci kwi-polymer composition.
57. Indlela yokulungiselela i-polyurethane foam ethambileyo
A: Indlela yenyathelo elinye kunye nendlela ye-prepolymer
Indlela yePrepolymer: oko kukuthi, ipolyol yepolyether kunye ne-TDI reaction engaphezulu yenziwa ibe yi-prepolymer equlathe iqela le-NCO elikhululekileyo, ize emva koko ixutywe namanzi, i-catalyst, i-stabilizer, njl.njl., ukwenza i-foam. Indlela yenyathelo elinye: Iindidi zezinto ezikrwada zixutywa ngqo kwintloko yokuxuba ngokubala, kwaye inyathelo lenziwe nge-foam, enokwahlulwa ibe yi-continuous and intermittent.
58. Iimpawu zokwenziwa kwe-foam ethe tye kunye nokwenziwa kwe-foam ethe nkqo
Indlela yepleyiti yoxinzelelo elinganiselayo: ebonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa kwephepha eliphezulu kunye nepleyiti yokugquma ephezulu. Indlela ye-groove egqithisileyo: ebonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa kwe-groove egqithisileyo kunye nepleyiti yokufikela yebhanti yokuhambisa.
Iimpawu zokufutha igwebu ngokuthe nkqo: ungasebenzisa umsinga omncinci ukuze ufumane indawo enkulu enqamlezileyo yeebhloko zegwebu, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa umatshini wokufutha othe tye ukuze ufumane icandelo elifanayo lebhloko, inqanaba lokufutha likhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kune-ethe tye; Ngenxa yecandelo elikhulu elinqamlezileyo lebhloko yegwebu, akukho sikhumba siphezulu nesisezantsi, kwaye ulusu olusecaleni nalo lubhityile, ngoko ke ilahleko yokusikwa iyancipha kakhulu. Izixhobo zigubungela indawo encinci, ukuphakama kwesityalo malunga ne-12 ~ 13m, kwaye iindleko zotyalo-mali zesityalo kunye nezixhobo ziphantsi kunezo zenkqubo yokufutha igwebu ngokuthe tye; Kulula ukutshintsha i-hopper kunye nomzekelo ukuvelisa imizimba yegwebu elisilinda okanye eliyingxande, ingakumbi ii-billets zegwebu ezijikelezileyo zokusika i-rotary.
59. Amanqaku asisiseko okukhetha izinto eziluhlaza zokulungiselela i-foam ethambileyo
A: I-Polyol: i-polyether polyol ye-foam eqhelekileyo yebhloko, ubunzima be-molecular ngokubanzi yi-3000 ~ 4000, ikakhulu i-polyether triol. I-polyether triol enobunzima be-molecular obuyi-4500 ~ 6000 isetyenziselwa i-foam enamandla okumelana noxinzelelo. Ngokunyuka kobunzima be-molecular, amandla okuxinana, ukunwebeka kunye nokuqina kwe-foam kuyanda. Ukusebenza kwe-polyether efanayo kuyehla. Ngokunyuka kwenqanaba lokusebenza kwe-polyether, impendulo ikhawuleza, inqanaba lokudibanisa le-polyurethane liyanda, ubunzima be-foam buyanda, kwaye ukunwebeka kuyancitshiswa. I-Isocyanate: Izinto eziluhlaza ze-isocyanate ze-polyurethane soft block foam ikakhulu yi-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Umsebenzi ophantsi we-TDI-65 usetyenziselwa kuphela i-polyester polyurethane foam okanye i-polyether foam ekhethekileyo. I-Catalyst: Iingenelo ze-catalytic ze-bulk soft foam foam zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: enye yi-organometallic compounds, i-stannous caprylate yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu; Olunye uhlobo zii-tertiary amines, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu njengee-dimethylaminoethyl ethers. I-Foam stabilizer: Kwi-polyester polyurethane bulk foam, kusetyenziswa ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-silicon, kwaye kwi-polyether bulk foam, kusetyenziswa i-organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer. I-foam agent: Ngokubanzi, kusetyenziswa amanzi kuphela njenge-foam agent xa uxinano lwee-bubbles ze-polyurethane soft block lungaphezulu kwe-21 kg nge-cubic meter nganye; Ii-compounds ze-bolling point eziphantsi ezifana ne-methylene chloride (MC) zisetyenziswa njenge-assistant blowing agents kuphela kwi-low density formulations.
60. Impembelelo yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-block foams
A: Isiphumo sobushushu: impendulo ye-polyurethane ekhupha amagwebu ikhawuleza njengoko ubushushu bezinto bunyuka, nto leyo eya kubangela umngcipheko wokutsha kombindi kunye nomlilo kwiifomyula ezinobuthathaka. Impembelelo yomswakama womoya: Ngokwanda komswakama, ngenxa yempendulo yeqela le-isocyanate kwi-foam enamanzi emoyeni, ubunzima be-foam buyancipha kwaye ukwanda kwayo kuyanda. Amandla okuxinana kwe-foam ayanda ngokunyuka kweqela le-urea. Isiphumo soxinzelelo lomoya: Kwifomyula efanayo, xa kuphuma amagwebu kwindawo ephakamileyo, uxinano luyancipha kakhulu.
61. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwenkqubo yezinto eziluhlaza ezisetyenziselwa i-foam ethambileyo eboshiweyo ebandayo kunye ne-foam eboshiweyo eshushu
A: Izinto ezisetyenziswa ekubumbeni okubandayo zisebenza kakhulu, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokufudumeza ngaphandle ngexesha lokubumba, kuxhomekeke kubushushu obuveliswa yinkqubo, impendulo yokubumba ingagqitywa ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye isikhunta singakhululwa kwimizuzu embalwa emva kokufakwa kwezinto eziluhlaza. Ukusebenza kwezinto eziluhlaza kwe-hot curing molding foam kuphantsi, kwaye umxube wempendulo kufuneka ufudunyezwe kunye nesikhunta emva kokufakwa kwe-foam kwisikhunta, kwaye imveliso ye-foam ingakhululwa emva kokuba ivuthwe ngokupheleleyo kwitshaneli yokubhaka.
62. Zithini iimpawu zefoam ethambileyo ebumbeneyo ebandayo xa ithelekiswa nefoam ebumbeneyo eshushu?
A: ① Inkqubo yemveliso ayifuni ubushushu bangaphandle, inokonga ubushushu obuninzi; ② I-coefficient ephezulu yokuhla (umlinganiselo wokugoba), ukusebenza kakuhle kwentuthuzelo; ③ Izinga eliphezulu lokubuya kwakhona; ④ I-foam engenalo i-flame retardant ikwanazo neempawu ezithile ze-flame retardant; ⑤ Umjikelo omfutshane wemveliso, inokonga isikhunta, yonge iindleko.
63. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweqamza elithambileyo kunye neqamza eliqinileyo ngokulandelelanayo
A: Iimpawu zeebhamuza ezithambileyo: Ulwakhiwo lweseli lweebhamuza ezithambileyo ze-polyurethane luvulelekile kakhulu. Ngokubanzi, lunoxinano oluphantsi, ukubuyiselwa kwe-elastic okuhle, ukufunxwa kwesandi, ukungena komoya, ukugcinwa kobushushu kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ukusetyenziswa: Isetyenziselwa kakhulu ifenitshala, izinto ze-cushion, izinto ze-cushion zesihlalo semoto, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezidityanisiweyo ze-laminated padding, i-foam ethambileyo yemizi-mveliso kunye neye-civil ikwasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokucoca, izixhobo zokukhusela isandi, izinto ezithintela ukushaqeka, izinto zokuhombisa, izinto zokupakisha kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ubushushu.
Iimpawu zefoam eqinileyo: ifoam ye-polyurethane inobunzima obulula, amandla aphezulu athile kunye nokuzinza okuhle kobukhulu; Ukusebenza kwe-thermal insulation yefoam eqinileyo ye-polyurethane kuphezulu. Amandla okuncamathelisa aqinileyo; Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguga, ubomi benkonzo ende ye-adiabatic; Umxube wempendulo unokuthamba okuhle kwaye ungazalisa umngxuma okanye indawo yesimo esintsonkothileyo kakuhle. Izinto eziluhlaza zemveliso yefoam eqinileyo ye-polyurethane zinokusabela okuphezulu, zinokufikelela ekuphelisweni ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zinokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kunye nemveliso enkulu kumzi-mveliso.
Ukusetyenziswa: Isetyenziswa njengezinto zokukhusela iifriji, iifriji, izikhongozeli ezifrijiweyo, indawo yokugcina izinto ebandayo, i-oyile kunye ne-hot water pipe insulation, i-building building wall and roof insulation, i-insulation sandwich board, njl.njl.
64. Amanqaku aphambili oyilo lwefomula yamaqamza aqinileyo
A: IiPolyols: iipolyols zepolyether ezisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwefoam eqinileyo ngokubanzi zinamandla aphezulu, ixabiso eliphezulu le-hydroxyl (ubunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli) iipolyols zepolypropylene oxide; I-Isocyanate: Okwangoku, i-isocyanate esetyenziselwa amaqamza aqinileyo ikakhulu yi-polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PAPI), oko kukuthi, i-crude MDI kunye ne-polymerized MDI; Iiarhente zokuvuthela:(1) Iarhente yokuvuthela ye-CFC (2) Iarhente yokuvuthela ye-HCFC kunye ne-HFC (3) Iarhente yokuvuthela ye-pentane (4) amanzi; Isiqinisi sefoam: Isiqinisi sefoam esisetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwefoam eqinileyo ye-polyurethane ngokubanzi yi-polymer yebhloko ye-polydimethylsiloxane kunye ne-polyoxolefin. Okwangoku, uninzi lweziqinisi zefoam ikakhulu luhlobo lwe-Si-C; I-Catalyst: Isiqinisi sefomyula enzima ikakhulu yi-tertiary amine, kwaye i-organotin catalyst ingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo; Ezinye izongezo: Ngokweemfuno neemfuno zokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo kweemveliso ze-polyurethane rigid foam, izinto ezithintela ilangatye, izinto ezivulayo, izinto ezithintela umsi, izinto ezithintela ukwaluphala, izinto ezithintela ukungunda, izinto ezithintela ukuqina kunye nezinye izongezo zingongezwa kwifomyula.
65. Umgaqo wokulungiselela igwebu lokubumba ulusu lonke
A: i-integral skin foam (ISF), ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-self skinning foam (self skinning foam), yi-foam yeplastiki evelisa ulusu lwayo oluxineneyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwayo.
66. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Iimpawu: i-polyurethane elastomer yi-block polymer, edla ngokwenziwa yi-oligomer polyol flexible long chain soft segment, i-diisocyanate kunye ne-chain extender ukwenza i-hard segment, i-hard segment kunye ne-soft segment alternative arrangement, eyenza iyunithi yesakhiwo ephindaphindayo. Ukongeza ekuqulatheni amaqela e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane inokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwee-molecule, kwaye i-soft segments kunye ne-hard segments zinokwenza imimandla ye-microphase kwaye zivelise ukwahlukana kwe-microphase.
67. Zeziphi iimpawu eziphambili zokusebenza kwe-polyurethane elastomers
A: Iimpawu zokusebenza: 1, amandla aphezulu kunye nokuthamba, kunokuba kuluhlu olubanzi lobunzima (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) ukugcina ukuthamba okuphezulu; Ngokubanzi, ubunzima obuphantsi obufunekayo bunokufezekiswa ngaphandle kwe-plasticizer, ngoko ke akukho ngxaki ebangelwa kukuhamba kwe-plasticizer; 2, phantsi kobunzima obufanayo, amandla okuthwala aphezulu kunezinye ii-elastomers; 3, ukumelana nokuguguleka okugqwesileyo, ukumelana kwayo nokuguguleka kuphindwe kabini ukuya kwi-10 kunerabha yendalo; 4. Ukumelana neoyile kunye neekhemikhali okugqwesileyo; Ukumelana nemisebe ye-polyurethane enevumba elimnandi; Ukumelana neoksijini okugqwesileyo kunye nokuxhathisa i-ozone; 5, ukumelana nempembelelo ephezulu, ukumelana nokudinwa okuhle kunye nokuxhathisa ukutsha, okufanelekileyo kwizicelo ze-flexure eziphindaphindayo; 6, ukuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi kulungile; 7, i-polyurethane eqhelekileyo ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwe-100 ℃, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwefomyula ekhethekileyo kunokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu be-140 ℃; 8, iindleko zokubumba kunye nokucubungula ziphantsi kakhulu.
68. Ii-elastomers ze-polyurethane zahlulwe ngokwee-polyols, ii-isocyanates, iinkqubo zokuvelisa, njl.njl.
A: 1. Ngokwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-polyol ye-oligomer, ii-polyurethane elastomers zinokwahlulwa zibe ludidi lwe-polyester, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-polyolefin, uhlobo lwe-polycarbonate, njl. Uhlobo lwe-polyether lunokwahlulwa lube ludidi lwe-polytetrahydrofuran kunye nohlobo lwe-polypropylene oxide ngokweentlobo ezithile; 2. Ngokweyantlukwano ye-diisocyanate, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-aliphatic kunye ne-aromatic elastomers, kwaye yahlulwe ibe ludidi lwe-TDI, uhlobo lwe-MDI, uhlobo lwe-IPDI, uhlobo lwe-NDI kunye nezinye iintlobo; Ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ii-polyurethane elastomers zahlulwe ngokwesiko zibe ziindidi ezintathu: uhlobo lwe-casting (CPU), uhlobo lwe-thermoplasticity (TPU) kunye nohlobo lokuxuba (MPU).
69. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela iipropati ze-polyurethane elastomers ngokwembono yesakhiwo se-molecular?
A: Ngokwembono yesakhiwo semolekyuli, i-polyurethane elastomer yi-polymer yebhloko, ngokubanzi yenziwe yi-oligomer polyols eguquguqukayo ye-long chain soft segment, i-diisocyanate kunye ne-chain extender ukwenza i-hard segment, i-hard segment kunye ne-soft segment alternative arrangement, eyenza iyunithi yesakhiwo ephindaphindayo. Ukongeza ekuqulatheni amaqela e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane inokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kwee-molecule, kwaye i-soft segments kunye ne-hard segments zinokwenza imimandla ye-microphase kwaye zivelise ukwahlukana kwe-microphase. Ezi mpawu zesakhiwo zenza i-polyurethane elastomers ibe nokumelana nokuguguleka okugqwesileyo kunye nokuqina, okwaziwa ngokuba yi-"raber enganyangekiyo".
70. Umahluko wokusebenza phakathi kohlobo lwe-polyester oluqhelekileyo kunye nee-elastomers zohlobo lwe-polytetrahydrofuran ether
A: Iimolekyuli zePolyester ziqulathe amaqela e-polar ester (-COO-), anokwenza iibhondi zehydrogen eziqinileyo ngaphakathi kweemolekyuli, ngoko ke ipolyester polyurethane inamandla aphezulu, iyamelana nokuguguleka kwaye iyamelana neoyile.
I-elastomer eyenziwe ngeepolyols ze-polyether izinzile kakuhle kwi-hydrolysis, iyakwazi ukumelana nemozulu, iyakwazi ukuguquguquka kubushushu obuphantsi kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana nokungunda. Umthombo wenqaku/Uphando lokufunda ngePolymer
Ixesha leposi: Jan-17-2024