I-1, ixabiso le-Hydroxyl: I-1 igram ye-polymer polyol equlethwe yi-hydroxyl (-OH) isixa esilingana nenani leemilligrams ze-KOH, iyunithi ye-mgKOH / g.
I-2, i-Equivalent: umyinge we-molecular weight yeqela elisebenzayo.
I-3, umxholo we-Isocyanate: umxholo we-isocyanate kwi-molecule
I-4, isalathisi se-Isocyanate: ibonisa iqondo lokugqithiswa kwe-isocyanate kwifomula ye-polyurethane, ngokuqhelekileyo imelwe yileta R.
5. I-Chain extender: Ibhekisa kwii-alcohol ezinobunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli kunye neeamine ezinokwandisa, zandise okanye zenze i-spatial network crosslinks yamatsheyina emolekyuli.
6. Icandelo elinzima: Icandelo lekhonkco elenziwe ngokuphendula kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-crosslinker kwikhonkco eliphambili leamolekyuli ze-polyurethane, kwaye la maqela anamandla amakhulu okubambisana, umthamo omkhulu wendawo kunye nokuqina okukhulu.
I-7, i-soft segment: i-carbon carbon main chain polymer polymer, ukuguquguquka kulungile, kwikhonkco eliphambili le-polyurethane yecandelo le-flexible chain chain.
I-8, indlela yenyathelo elinye: ibhekisa kwi-oligomer polyol, i-disocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-catalyst exutywe ngaxeshanye emva kokutofa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-mold, kwindlela ethile yokubumba ubushushu.
I-9, indlela ye-Prepolymer: I-oligomer yokuqala ye-polyol kunye ne-diisocyanate ye-prepolymerization reaction, ukuvelisa i-NCO esekelwe kwi-polyurethane prepolymer, ukugalela kunye ne-prepolymer reaction nge-chain extender, ukulungiswa kwendlela ye-polyurethane elastomer, ebizwa ngokuba yi-prepolymer method.
I-10, indlela ye-Semi-prepolymer: umehluko phakathi kwendlela ye-semi-prepolymer kunye nendlela ye-prepolymer kukuba inxalenye ye-polyester polyol okanye i-polyether polyol yongezwa kwi-prepolymer ngendlela yomxube kunye ne-chain extender, i-catalyst, njl.
I-11, ukubumba inaliti ye-Reaction: Ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-Reaction Injection Molding RIM(I-Reaction Injection Moulding), ilinganiswa nge-oligomers ezinobunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli kwifom yolwelo, ixutywe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ifakwe kwi-mold ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza i-mold cavity, ubunzima bemolekyuli bezinto eziphathekayo bukhula ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iipholima ezintsha ngokupheleleyo ezineempawu zeqela elitsha ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu.
I-12, isalathisi se-Foaming: oko kukuthi, inani leengxenye zamanzi ezisetyenziswe kwiindawo ze-100 ze-polyether zichazwa njenge-foaming index (IF).
I-13, i-Foaming reaction: ngokubanzi ibhekiselele ekuphenduleni kwamanzi kunye ne-isocyanate ukuvelisa urea endaweni kunye nokukhulula i-CO2.
I-14, i-Gel reaction: ngokubanzi ibhekisela ekubunjweni kwe-carbamate reaction.
I-15, ixesha le-Gel: phantsi kweemeko ezithile, i-liquid material ukwenza i-gel idinga ixesha.
I-16, ixesha lobisi: ekupheleni kwendawo yoku-I, i-milky phenomenon ibonakala kumxube wesigaba solwelo se-polyurethane. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba lixesha lekhilimu kwisizukulwana se-polyurethane foam.
I-17, i-Coefficient yokwandisa i-Chain: ibhekisela kumlinganiselo wexabiso le-amino kunye namaqela e-hydroxyl (iyunithi: i-mo1) kumacandelo e-chain extender (kuquka i-expander chain extender) kwisixa se-NCO kwi-prepolymer, oko kukuthi, inombolo ye-mole. (inani elilinganayo) umlinganiselo weqela elisebenzayo le-hydrogen ukuya kwi-NCO.
I-18, i-polyether ye-unsaturation ephantsi: ngokukodwa uphuhliso lwe-PTMG, ixabiso le-PPG, i-unsaturation iyancipha ukuya kwi-0.05mol / kg, kufuphi nokusebenza kwe-PTMG, usebenzisa i-DMC catalyst, iindidi eziphambili zeemveliso ze-Bayer Acclaim series.
I-19, i-solvent ye-ammonia ester grade grade: ukuveliswa kwe-solvent ye-polyurethane ukuqwalasela amandla okutshatyalaliswa, izinga lokunyuka kwe-volatilization, kodwa ukuveliswa kwe-polyurethane esetyenziswe kwi-solvent, kufuneka kugxininise ekuthatheni ingqalelo i-NC0 enzima kwi-polyurethane. I-solvents ezifana ne-alcohols kunye ne-ether alcohols ezisabela kumaqela e-NCO azikwazi ukukhethwa. I-solvent ayikwazi ukuquka ukungcola okufana namanzi kunye notywala, kwaye ayikwazi ukuquka izinto ze-alkali, eziza kwenza ukuba i-polyurethane ibe nzima.
I-solvent ester ayivumelekanga ukuba iqulethe amanzi, kwaye akufanele iqulethe i-acids yamahhala kunye ne-alcohol, eya kusabela kunye namaqela e-NCO. I-solvent ester esetyenziswe kwi-polyurethane kufuneka ibe "i-solvent ye-ammonia ester grade" kunye nococeko oluphezulu. Oko kukuthi, i-solvent isabela nge-isocyanate engaphezulu, kwaye ke isixa se-isocyanate esingaphendulwanga sinqunywe kunye ne-dibutylamine ukuvavanya ukuba ikulungele ukusetyenziswa. Umgaqo-siseko kukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-isocyanate akusebenzi, kuba kubonisa ukuba amanzi e-ester, utywala, i-asidi yesithathu iya kudla ixabiso elipheleleyo le-isocyanate, ukuba inani leegram ze-solvent efunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe iqela le-leqNCO libonakalisiwe, ixabiso uzinzo elungileyo.
I-Isocyanate elingana ngaphantsi kwe-2500 ayisetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi se-polyurethane.
I-polarity ye-solvent inempembelelo enkulu ekuphenduleni ukubunjwa kwe-resin. Okukhona i-polarity inkulu, ukusabela okucothayo, okufana ne-toluene kunye ne-methyl ethyl ketone umahluko wamaxesha angama-24, le molekyuli ye-solvent polarity inkulu, inokwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye neqela le-alcohol hydroxyl kwaye yenze ukusabela kucothe.
I-polychlorinated ester solvent ingcono ukukhetha isinyibilikisi esimnandi, isantya sabo sokusabela sikhawuleza kune-ester, i-ketone, njengexylene. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ester kunye ne-ketone solvents kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo ye-polyurethane ephindwe kabini ngexesha lokwakhiwa. Kwimveliso yeengubo, ukukhethwa kwe-"ammonia-grade solvent" ekhankanywe ngaphambili kunenzuzo kwi-stabilizers egciniweyo.
Izinyibilikisi ze-Ester zine-solubility eyomeleleyo, izinga lokuguquguquka eliphakathi, ubutyhefu obuphantsi kwaye zisetyenziswa ngakumbi, i-cyclohexanone iphinda isetyenziswe ngakumbi, izinyibilikisi ze-hydrocarbon zinamandla aphantsi okunyibilika okuqinileyo, ukusetyenziswa okuncinci kodwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngakumbi nezinye izinyibilikisi.
I-20, i-agent evuthelayo ngokomzimba: i-agent evuthelayo ngokwasemzimbeni yi-pores ye-foam yenziwa ngokutshintsha kwemo yendalo yento, oko kukuthi, ngokunyuka kwegesi ecinezelweyo, ukuguquguquka kolwelo okanye ukuchithwa kwezinto eziqinileyo.
I-21, i-Chemical blowing agents: ii-agent zokuvuthela iikhemikhali zezo ziyakwazi ukukhupha iigesi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen emva kokubola kokufudumeza, kwaye zenze ii-pores ezintle ekubunjweni kwe-polymer ye-compound.
I-22, i-Physical crosslinking: kukho amatyathanga aqinileyo kwikhonkco elithambileyo le-polymer, kwaye ikhonkco eliqinileyo lineempawu zomzimba ezifanayo njengerabha ene-vulcanized emva kokuwela imichiza kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwendawo yokuthambisa okanye indawo yokunyibilika.
I-23, i-Chemical crosslinking: ibhekisela kwinkqubo yokudibanisa amatyathanga amakhulu e-molecular ngokusebenzisa iibhondi zeekhemikhali phantsi kwesenzo sokukhanya, ukushisa, i-radiation ephezulu yamandla, amandla omatshini, i-ultrasound kunye ne-agent e-crosslinking ukwenza i-network okanye i-shape structure polymer.
I-24, isalathisi se-Foaming: inani leengxenye zamanzi ezilingana ne-100 ye-polyether ichazwa njenge-foaming index (IF).
25. Ziziphi iintlobo ze-isocyanates ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatic: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Zeziphi iindidi zee-isocyanates ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo? Bhala ifomyula yesakhiwo
A: I-Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), i-diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), i-polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), i-MDI ene-liquefied, i-hexamethylene-disocyanate (HDI).
27. Intsingiselo ye-TDI-100 kunye ne-TDI-80?
A: I-TDI-100 yenziwe nge-toluene diisocyanate kunye nesakhiwo se-2,4; I-TDI-80 ibhekisela kumxube oqukethe i-80% ye-toluene diisocyanate ye-2,4 isakhiwo kunye ne-20% ye-2,6 isakhiwo.
28. Ziziphi iimpawu ze-TDI kunye ne-MDI kwi-synthesis yezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: I-Reactivity ye-2,4-TDI kunye ne-2,6-TDI. I-reactivity ye-2,4-TDI iphindwe kaninzi kune-2,6-TDI, kuba i-4-position NCO kwi-2,4-TDI ikude ne-2-position NCO kunye neqela le-methyl, kwaye kukho phantse akukho kumelana ne-steric, ngelixa i-NCO ye-2,6-TDI ichaphazelekayo yimpembelelo ye-steric yeqela le-ortho-methyl.
Amaqela amabini e-NCO e-MDI ahluke kakhulu kwaye akukho bathathi bajikelezileyo, ngoko ke umsebenzi we-NCO emibini mkhulu. Nangona i-NCO enye ithatha inxaxheba ekuphenduleni, umsebenzi we-NCO eseleyo uyancipha, kwaye umsebenzi usemkhulu ngokubanzi. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kwakhona kwe-MDI polyurethane prepolymer inkulu kune-TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI yeyiphi i-yellowing resistant engcono?
A: I-HDI (yeye-yellow aliphatic diisocyanate engaguqukiyo), i-IPDI (eyenziwe nge-polyurethane resin ene-optical stability kunye nokumelana neekhemikhali, ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-polyurethane resin ephezulu ye-non-discoloration).
30. Injongo yokuguqulwa kwe-MDI kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuguqulwa
A: I-MDI ene-Liquefied: Injongo eguqulweyo: i-MDI ecocekileyo ye-liquefied yi-MDI eguqulweyo, eyoyisa iziphene ezithile ze-MDI ecocekileyo (iqinile kwiqondo lokushisa, ukunyibilika xa kusetyenziswa, ukufudumeza okuphindaphindiweyo kuchaphazela ukusebenza), kwaye ikwabonelela ngesiseko soluhlu olubanzi. yokuguqulwa kokuphuculwa kunye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kweMDI-based polyurethane materials.
Iindlela:
① i-urethane elungisiweyo i-MDI enyibilikisiweyo.
② i-carbodiimide kunye ne-uretonimine eguqulwe i-MDI engamanzi.
31. Ziziphi iintlobo zeepolymer polyols ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo?
A: I-polyester polyol, i-polyether polyol
32. Zingaphi iindlela zokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso ekhoyo kwiipolyester polyols?
A: Indlela yokunyibilikisa ivacuum B, indlela yokunyibilikisa irhasi yenkampani C, indlela yokunyibilikisa i-azeotropic
33. Zeziphi izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo kumqolo wemolekyuli wepolyester kunye nepolyether polyols?
A: I-polyester polyol: I-macromolecular alcohol compound equkethe iqela le-ester kwi-molecular backbone kunye neqela le-hydroxyl (-OH) kwiqela lokugqibela. I-polyether polyols: Iipolymers okanye i-oligomers equkethe iibhondi ze-ether (-O-) kunye neengqungquthela zokuphela (-Oh) okanye amaqela e-amine (-NH2) kwisakhiwo somqolo we-molecule.
34. Ziziphi iintlobo zeepolyether polyol ngokweempawu zazo?
A: I-polyether polyols esebenzayo kakhulu, i-polyether edibeneyo, i-polyether retardant polyols, i-heterocyclic modified polyether polyols, i-polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Zingaphi iindidi zeepolyetha eziqhelekileyo ngokwe-arhente yokuqalisa?
A: I-Polyoxide propylene glycol, i-polyoxide propylene triol, i-bubble eqinile i-polyether polyol, i-polyether ye-unsaturation ephantsi.
36. Uthini umahluko phakathi kweepholiyetha ze-hydroxy-terinated kunye ne-amine-terminated polyethers?
I-aminoterminated polyeters yi-polyoxide allyl ethers apho isiphelo se-hydroxyl sitshintshwa liqela le-amine.
37. Zeziphi iintlobo ze-polyurethane catalysts ezidla ngokusetyenziswa? Zeziphi iintlobo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanyiweyo?
A: Ii-catalysts ze-amine eziphezulu, iintlobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zezi: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine,N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
I-Metallic alkyl compounds, iintlobo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zezi: i-organotin catalysts, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-stannous octoate, i-stannous oleate, i-dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Zeziphi ezona zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-polyurethane chain extenders okanye i-crosslinkers?
A: Iipolyols (1, 4-butanediol), ii-alicyclic alcohols, utywala obunuka kamnandi, iidiamines, ii-alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Indlela yokusabela ye-isocyanates
A: Ukusabela kwe-isocyanates kunye ne-hydrogen compounds esebenzayo kubangelwa i-nucleophilic center ye-molecule ye-hydrogen esebenzayo ehlasela i-NCO esekelwe kwi-athomu ye-carbon. Indlela yokusabela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
40. Isakhiwo se-isocyanate sichaphazela njani ukusebenza kwakhona kwamaqela e-NCO?
A: I-electronegativity yeqela le-AR: ukuba iqela le-R liqela lokufunxa i-electron, ubuninzi belifu le-electron ye-athomu ye-C kwiqela le-NCO liphantsi, kwaye lisengozini yokuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophiles, oko kukuthi, Kulula ukwenza i-nucleophilic reactions kunye ne-alcohols, i-amines kunye nezinye iikhompawundi. Ukuba i-R liqela labanikezeli be-electron kwaye idluliselwe kwilifu le-electron, ukuxinana kwelifu le-electron ye-athomu ye-C kwiqela le-NCO liya kwanda, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophiles, kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula kunye ne-hydrogen compounds esebenzayo. nciphisa. B. Isiphumo sokungeniswa: Ngenxa yokuba i-disocyanate emnandi iqulethe amaqela amabini e-NCO, xa i-NCO gene yokuqala ithatha inxaxheba kwi-reaction, ngenxa yempembelelo edibeneyo ye-aromatics ring, iqela le-NCO elingathathi nxaxheba kwi-reaction liya kudlala indima. yeqela lokufunxa i-electron, ukwenzela ukuba umsebenzi wokusabela weqela lokuqala le-NCO uphuculwe, okuyimpembelelo yokungenisa. C. Impembelelo yesteric: Kwiimolekyuli ze-disocyanate ezinevumba elimnandi, ukuba amaqela amabini -NCO akwindandatho enevumba elimnandi ngaxeshanye, ngoko ke impembelelo yeqela le-NCO kwi-reactivity yelinye iqela le-NCO ihlala ibaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, xa amaqela amabini e-NCO ebekwe kumakhonkco amnandi ahlukeneyo kwimolekyuli enye, okanye ahlulwe ngamatyathanga e-hydrocarbon okanye amakhonkco anevumba elimnandi, intsebenziswano phakathi kwawo incinci, kwaye iyancipha ngokunyuka kobude bekhonkco le-hydrocarbon okanye ukwanda kwenani lamakhonkco anevumba elimnandi.
41. Iintlobo ze-hydrogen compounds ezisebenzayo kunye ne-NCO reactivity
A: I-Aliphatic NH2> Iqela elinuka kamnandi iBozui OH> Amanzi > ISekondari OH> Phenol OH> Iqela leCarboxyl > I-urea efakwe endaweni > Amido> Carbamate. (Ukuba ingxinano yelifu le-electron kwiziko le-nucleophilic liphezulu, i-electronegativity yomelele, kwaye umsebenzi wokusabela nge-isocyanate uphezulu kwaye isantya sokusabela siyakhawuleza; Ngaphandle koko, umsebenzi uphantsi.)
42. Impembelelo ye-hydroxyl compounds kwi-reactivity yabo kunye ne-isocyanates
A: I-reactivity ye-hydrogen compounds esebenzayo (i-ROH okanye i-RNH2) inxulumene neepropati ze-R, xa i-R i-electron-withdrawing group (i-electronegativity ephantsi), kunzima ukudlulisa ii-athomu ze-hydrogen, kunye nokusabela phakathi kwe-hydrogen compounds esebenzayo kunye I-NCO inzima ngakumbi; Ukuba i-R yi-electron-donating substituent, i-reactivity ye-hydrogen compounds esebenzayo kunye ne-NCO inokuphuculwa.
43. Yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwe-isocyanate reaction ngamanzi
A: Yenye yeempendulo ezisisiseko kulungiselelo lwe-polyurethane foam. Ukusabela phakathi kwabo kuqala kuvelisa i-asidi ye-carbamic engazinzanga, ethi ihlehlise kwi-CO2 kunye ne-amines, kwaye ukuba i-isocyanate ingaphezulu, i-amine ebangelwayo isabela nge-isocyanate ukuze yenze i-urea.
44. Ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane elastomers, umxholo wamanzi we-polymer polyols kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo.
A: Akukho amaqamza afunekayo kwi-elastomers, i-coatings kunye ne-fibers, ngoko umxholo wamanzi kwizinto eziluhlaza kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwe-0.05%.
45. Umahluko kwiimpembelelo ze-catalytic ze-amine kunye ne-tin catalysts kwi-isocyanate reactions.
A: Ii-catalysts ze-amine eziphakamileyo zinokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-catalytic yokusabela kwe-isocyanate ngamanzi, ngelixa i-tin catalysts ine-catalyst ephezulu yokusabela kwe-isocyanate kunye neqela le-hydroxyl.
46. Kutheni i-polyurethane resin inokuthi ithathwe njenge-polymer block, kwaye ziziphi iimpawu zesakhiwo sekhonkco?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuba i-chain segment ye-polyurethane resin yenziwe ngamacandelo anzima kwaye athambileyo, icandelo eliqinileyo libhekiselele kwicandelo lekhonkco elenziwe ngokusabela kwe-isocyanate, i-chain extender kunye ne-crosslinker kwikhonkco eliphambili le-polyurethane molekyuli, kwaye la maqela anokubambisana okukhulu. amandla, umthamo wesithuba esikhulu kunye nokuqina okukhulu. Icandelo elithambileyo libhekiselele kwi-carbon-carbon main chain polymer polymer, enokuguquguquka okuhle kunye necandelo eliguquguqukayo kwikhonkco eliphambili le-polyurethane.
47. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela iimpawu ze-polyurethane?
A: Amandla omanyano lweqela, ibhondi yehydrogen, icrystallinity, idigri yokuwela, ubunzima bemolekyuli, icandelo elinzima, icandelo elithambileyo.
48. Ziziphi izinto eziluhlaza ngamacandelo athambileyo kwaye aqinile kwikhonkco eliphambili lezinto ze-polyurethane
A: Icandelo elithambileyo lenziwe nge-oligomer polyols (i-polyester, i-polyether diols, njl.), kunye necandelo elinzima liqulunqwe nge-polyisocyanates okanye ukudibanisa kwabo kunye ne-extenders ye-molecule encinci.
49. Amacandelo athambileyo kunye namacandelo anzima achaphazela njani iipropati zezinto ze-polyurethane?
A: Icandelo elithambileyo: (1) Ubunzima bemolekyuli yecandelo elithambileyo: kucingwa ukuba ubunzima bemolekyuli ye-polyurethane buyafana, ukuba icandelo elithambileyo yipolyester, amandla e-polyurethane aya kwanda ngokunyuka kobunzima bemolekyuli i-polyester diol; Ukuba icandelo elithambileyo li-polyether, amandla e-polyurethane ayancipha ngokunyuka kobunzima be-molecular of polyether diol, kodwa ukunyuka kuyanda. (2) Icrystallinity yecandelo elithambileyo: Inegalelo elikhulu kwicrystallinity yelinear polyurethane chain segment. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-crystallization inenzuzo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweemveliso ze-polyurethane, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha i-crystallization inciphisa ukuguquguquka kweqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwezinto, kwaye i-polymer ye-crystalline ihlala i-opaque.
Icandelo elinzima: Icandelo eliqinileyo lekhonkco lihlala lichaphazela ukuthambisa kunye nokunyibilika kweqondo lokushisa kunye neempawu zokushisa eziphezulu zepolymer. I-Polyurethanes elungiselelwe yi-isocyanates enevumba elimnandi iqulethe imisesane enevumba eliqinileyo, ngoko ke amandla epolymer kwicandelo elinzima ayanda, kwaye amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo makhulu ngokubanzi kune-aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, kodwa ukuxhathisa ukuthotywa kweultraviolet akubi, kwaye kulula ukuba tyheli. I-Aliphatic polyurethanes ayiphuzi.
50. Ukuhlelwa kwe-polyurethane foam
A: (1) i-foam eqinile kunye ne-foam ethambileyo, (2) ubuninzi obuphezulu kunye ne-foam ephantsi, (3) uhlobo lwe-polyester, uhlobo lwe-polyether ye-foam, (4) uhlobo lwe-TDI, uhlobo lwe-MDI lwe-foam, (5) i-polyurethane foam kunye ne-polyisocyanurate foam, (6) indlela yesinyathelo esisodwa kunye ne-prepolymerization yendlela yokuvelisa, indlela eqhubekayo kunye nokuveliswa kwesikhashana, (8) i-foam yebhloko kunye ne-foam edibeneyo.
51. Iimpendulo ezisisiseko ekulungiseleleni amagwebu
A: Ibhekisela kwi-reaction ye -NCO kunye -OH, -NH2 kunye ne-H2O, kwaye xa isabela nge-polyols, "i-gel reaction" kwinkqubo ye-foaming ngokubanzi ibhekisela ekubunjweni kwe-carbamate. Ngenxa yokuba i-foam ekrwada isebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo, inethiwekhi edibeneyo ifunyenwe, evumela inkqubo ye-foaming ukuba idibanise ngokukhawuleza.
Ukusabela kogwebu kwenzeka kwinkqubo yogwebu kunye nobukho bamanzi. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi "foaming reaction" ngokubanzi ibhekisa ekuphenduleni kwamanzi kunye ne-isocyanate ukuvelisa urea endaweni kunye nokukhulula i-CO2.
52. Indlela ye-nucleation yamaqamza
Izinto ezikrwada ziphendula kulwelo okanye kuxhomekeke kubushushu obuveliswa yindlela yokusabela ukuvelisa into enerhasi kunye nokuvuthisa irhasi. Ngenkqubela phambili yokuphendula kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu obukhulu bokusabela, ubuninzi bezinto zegesi kunye nokunyuka kwe-volatilization kwanda ngokuqhubekayo. Xa i-concentration yegesi inyuka ngaphaya koxinzelelo lwe-saturation, i-bubble eqhubekayo iqala ukwenza kwisigaba sesisombululo kwaye iphakame.
53. Indima ye-foam stabilizer ekulungiseleleni i-polyurethane foam
A: Inomphumela we-emulsification, ukwenzela ukuba ukunyibilika okufanayo phakathi kwamacandelo e-foam kuphuculwe; Emva kokongezwa kwe-silicone surfactant, kuba inciphisa kakhulu ukuxinana komphezulu γ wolwelo, ukonyuka kwamandla asimahla afunekayo ekusasazekeni kwerhasi kuyancitshiswa, ukuze umoya osasazwe kwizinto ezikrwada kunokwenzeka ukuba ube yinucleate ngexesha lenkqubo yokuxuba. igalelo ekuveliseni amaqamza amancinci kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwe-foam.
54. Indlela yokuzinza ye-foam
A: Ukongezwa kwee-surfactants ezifanelekileyo kuyanceda ekwenziweni kokusasazwa kweqamza.
55. Indlela yokwenza i-foam yeseli evulekileyo kunye ne-foam yeseli evaliweyo
A: Indlela yokwenza i-foam ye-open-cell: Kwiimeko ezininzi, xa kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu kwi-bubble, amandla odonga lwe-bubble olwenziwa yi-gel reaction ayiphezulu, kwaye ifilimu yodonga ayikwazi ukumelana nokwelula okubangelwayo. ngokunyuka kwengcinezelo yegesi, ifilimu yodonga lwe-bubble iyatsalwa, kwaye igesi iphuma ekuqhekekeni, yenze i-foam-cell cell.
Indlela yokwenza i-foam evaliweyo: Kwinkqubo ye-bubble elukhuni, ngenxa yokusabela kwe-polyether polyols ene-multi-functional kunye ne-low molecular weight with polyisocyanate, isantya sejeli sikhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye igesi ekwiqamza ayikwazi ukwaphula udonga lwe-bubble. , ngaloo ndlela yenze i-foam yeseli evaliweyo.
56. Indlela yokukhupha ugwebu yearhente yogwebu olubonakalayo kunye nearhente yogwebu lwekhemikhali
A: I-ejenti yokuvuthela ngokomzimba: I-arhente yokuvuthela ngokomzimba yi-pores ye-foam yenziwa ngokutshintsha kwemo yendalo yento ethile, oko kukuthi, ngokunyuka kwegesi ecinezelweyo, ukuguquguquka kolwelo okanye ukuchithwa kwezinto eziqinileyo.
Ii-agent zokuvuthela ngemichiza: Ii-agent ezivuthela ngeekhemikhali ziikhompawundi ezithi, xa ziboliswe bubushushu, zikhuphe iigesi ezifana nekharbon diokside kunye nenitrogen kwaye zenze imingxunya emihle ekubunjweni kwepolymer.
57. Indlela yokulungiselela i-soft polyurethane foam
A: Indlela yenyathelo elinye kunye nendlela ye-prepolymer
Indlela ye-Prepolymer: oko kukuthi, i-polyether polyol kunye nokugqithiswa kwe-TDI reaction yenziwe kwi-prepolymer equkethe iqela lamahhala le-NCO, kwaye ixutywe namanzi, i-catalyst, i-stabilizer, njl., ukwenza i-foam. Indlela yesinyathelo esinye: Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziluhlaza zixutywe ngokuthe ngqo kwintloko yokuxuba ngokubala, kwaye inyathelo lenziwe nge-foam, elinokuthi lihlulwe ngokuqhubekayo kwaye liphakathi.
58. Iimpawu zogwebu oluthe tyaba kunye nogwebu oluthe nkqo
Indlela yeplate yoxinzelelo olulinganisiweyo: ebonakaliswe ngokusetyenziswa kwephepha eliphezulu kunye nesitya sokugubungela phezulu. Indlela yokuphuphuma kwegroove: ebonakaliswe ngokusetyenziswa kwegroove ephuphumayo kunye nepleyiti yokumisa ibhanti yokuhambisa.
Iimpawu ze-foaming ezithe nkqo: ungasebenzisa i-flow encinci ukufumana indawo enkulu ye-cross-sectional yeebhloko ze-foam, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa umatshini we-foaming othe tye ukuze ufumane icandelo elifanayo lebhloko, inqanaba lokuhamba li-3 ukuya ku-5 amaxesha amakhulu kune-vertical. ugwebu; Ngenxa yecandelo elikhulu lomnqamlezo webhlokhi ye-foam, akukho sikhumba esiphezulu nesisezantsi, kwaye isikhumba somphetho sibuye sincinci, ngoko ke ukulahleka kokusika kuyancipha kakhulu. Isixhobo sigubungela indawo encinci, ubude beplanti bumalunga ne-12 ~ 13m, kwaye iindleko zotyalo-mali zomzi-mveliso kunye nezixhobo zingaphantsi kunenkqubo yogwebu ethe tye; Kulula ukubuyisela i-hopper kunye nemodeli yokuvelisa imizimba ye-foam ye-cylindrical okanye i-rectangular, ngokukodwa iibhilidi ze-foam ezijikelezayo zokusika i-rotary.
59. Amanqaku asisiseko okukhethwa kwezinto ekrwada ukulungiselela ugwebu oluthambileyo
A: I-Polyol: i-polyether polyol ye-foam yebhloko eqhelekileyo, ubunzima bemolekyuli ngokubanzi yi-3000 ~ 4000, ubukhulu becala i-polyether triol. I-polyether triol enobunzima bemolekyuli ye-4500 ~ 6000 isetyenziselwa i-foam ephezulu yokuqina. Ngokunyuka kobunzima be-molecular, amandla okuqina, ukunyusa kunye nokuqina kwe-foam kwanda. I-reactivity ye-polyether efanayo yehla. Ngokunyuka kweqondo elisebenzayo le-polyether, ukusabela kuyakhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, idigri ye-crosslinking ye-polyurethane iyanda, ukuqina kwe-foam kwandisa, kwaye ubude buyancipha. I-Isocyanate: I-isocyanate ekrwada ye-polyurethane i-foam yebhloko ethambileyo ikakhulu yi-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Umsebenzi ophantsi kakhulu we-TDI-65 usetyenziselwa kuphela i-polyester polyurethane foam okanye i-polyether foam ekhethekileyo. I-Catalyst: I-catalytic benefits ze-bulk soft foam foaming zinokwahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo zibe ngamacandelo amabini: enye yi-organometallic compounds, i-stannous caprylate yeyona isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo; Olunye uhlobo zii-amines eziphezulu, ezidla ngokusetyenziswa njengeethers ze-dimethylaminoethyl. I-Foam stabilizer: Kwi-polyester polyurethane bulk foam, ii-non-silicon surfactants zisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye kwi-polyether bulk foam, i-organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer isetyenziswa ikakhulu. Iarhente yogwebu: Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngamanzi kuphela asetyenziswa njengesixhobo sogwebu xa ukuxinana kwamaqamza ebloko ethambileyo enziwe ngepolyurethane kungaphezulu kwe-21 kg nge-cubic meter nganye; Iikhompawundi zamanqaku aphantsi abilayo afana ne-methylene chloride (MC) zisetyenziswa njengee-arhente ezincedisayo zokuvuthela kuphela kwimixube ephantsi yoxinaniso.
60. Impembelelo yeemeko zokusingqongileyo kwiipropati ezibonakalayo ze-foams block
A: Isiphumo seqondo lobushushu: ukusabela kogwebu lwe-polyurethane kukhawuleza njengoko ubushushu bezinto eziphathekayo bunyuka, okuya kubangela umngcipheko wokutshisa okungundoqo kunye nomlilo kwimixube ebuthathaka. Impembelelo yomswakama womoya: Ngokunyuka komswakama, ngenxa yokusabela kweqela le-isocyanate kwi-foam ngamanzi emoyeni, ubunzima be-foam buyancipha kwaye ukunyuka kwanda. Amandla obunzima be-foam ayanda ngokunyuka kweqela le-urea. Isiphumo soxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric: Kwifomula efanayo, xa igwebu kwindawo ephakamileyo, ukuxinana kuyancipha kakhulu.
61. Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwenkqubo yezinto ekrwada esetyenziselwa ugwebu oluthambileyo olubandayo kunye nogwebu olubunjiweyo olushushu.
A: Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ekubunjweni kokunyanga okubandayo zine-reactivity ephezulu, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokufudumeza kwangaphandle ngexesha lokunyanga, ngokuxhomekeke kubushushu obuveliswa yinkqubo, ukusabela kokunyanga kunokugqitywa ngexesha elifutshane, kwaye isikhunta singakwazi. kukhutshwa kwimizuzu embalwa emva kokutofwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada. I-reactivity ekrwada ye-foam yokuphilisa eshushu iphantsi, kwaye umxube wokuphendula kufuneka ufudunyezwe kunye nomngundo emva kokugubha kwi-mold, kwaye imveliso ye-foam inokukhutshwa emva kokuba ivuthwe ngokupheleleyo kwijelo lokubhaka.
62. Ziziphi iimpawu ze-foam epholileyo epholileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-foam eshushu
A: ① Inkqubo yemveliso ayifuni bushushu bangaphandle, inokonga ubushushu obuninzi; ② I-coefficient ye-sag ephezulu (umlinganiselo wokubola), ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthuthuzela; ③ Izinga eliphezulu lokubuyela umva; ④ Ugwebu olungenawo ukubuyiswa komlilo lukwaneempawu ezithile zokubuyiswa komlilo; ⑤ Umjikelo omfutshane wokuvelisa, unokugcina isikhunta, ugcine iindleko.
63. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kweqamza elithambileyo kunye neqamza eliqinileyo ngokulandelelanayo
A: Iimpawu zamaqamza athambileyo: Ulwakhiwo lweseli lwamaqamza athambileyo e-polyurethane luvuleleke kakhulu. Ngokubanzi, inoxinano oluphantsi, ukubuyiswa kakuhle kwe-elastic, ukufunxa isandi, ukunyanzeliswa komoya, ukugcinwa kobushushu kunye nezinye iimpawu. Usetyenziso: Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwifanitshala, imathiriyeli yomqamelo, imathiriyeli yesitulo sesithuthi, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto ezithambileyo zokukhushulwa ezilaminethiweyo, ugwebu oluthambileyo lwefektri kunye nolwaseburhulumenteni lukwasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokucoca, izixhobo zokugquma isandi, izinto ezingqina ukothuka, izinto zokuhombisa, izinto zokupakisha. kunye nezinto zokufakelwa kwe-thermal.
Iimpawu ze-foam eqinile: i-polyurethane foam inobunzima obulula, amandla athile aphezulu kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional; Ukusebenza kwe-thermal insulation ye-polyurethane eqinile ye-foam iphezulu. Amandla ancamathelayo anamandla; Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguga, ubomi benkonzo ye-adiabatic ende; Umxube wokusabela unomanzi kwaye unokuzalisa umngxuma okanye isithuba semilo entsonkothileyo kakuhle. Izinto eziluhlaza zemveliso ye-polyurethane eqinile ye-foam inokusebenza okuphezulu, inokufezekisa ukunyanga ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kunye nokuveliswa kobuninzi kumzi-mveliso.
Usetyenziso: Isetyenziswa njengezinto zokugquma kwizikhenkcisi, izikhenkcezisi, izikhongozeli ezifakwe efrijini, ugcino olubandayo, umbhobho we-oyile kunye nokugqunyelelwa kombhobho wamanzi ashushu, udonga lwesakhiwo kunye nokugquma uphahla, ibhodi yokugquma isangweji, njl.
64. Amanqaku aphambili oyilo lwefomula yeqamza elilukhuni
A: Iipolyols: iipolyether polyols ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-foam enzima ngokubanzi zinamandla aphezulu, ixabiso eliphezulu le-hydroxyl (ubunzima obuphantsi be-molecular) i-polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: Okwangoku, i-isocyanate esetyenziselwa ama-bubbles anzima kakhulu i-polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PAPI), oko kukuthi, i-MDI ekrwada kunye ne-MDI ye-polymerized; Ii-arhente zokuvuthela :(1)I-CFC yokuvuthela i-arhente (2)HCFC kunye ne-HFC evuthela i-arhente yokuvuthela (3) iarhente yokuvuthela ipentane (4) amanzi; I-Foam stabilizer: I-foam stabilizer esetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-polyurethane eqinile ye-foam ngokubanzi i-polymer block ye-polydimethylsiloxane kunye ne-polyoxolefin. Okwangoku, uninzi lwe-foam stabilizers ubukhulu becala luhlobo lwe-Si-C; I-Catalyst: I-catalyst ye-bubble bubble formulation ikakhulu i-tertiary amine, kwaye i-organotin catalyst ingasetyenziswa ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo; Ezinye izongezo: Ngokweemfuno kunye neemfuno zokusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kwemveliso ye-polyurethane eqinile ye-foam, i-retardants yomlilo, i-agent yokuvula, i-inhibitors yomsi, i-anti-aging agents, i-anti-mildew agents, i-agent e-toughening kunye nezinye izongezo zingongezwa kwifomula.
65. Umgaqo-siseko wokulungiselela i-foam yokubumba ulusu lonke
A: integral skin foam (ISF), ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-self skinning foam (self skinning foam), ligwebu leplastiki elivelisa ufele lwalo olushinyeneyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwayo.
66. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Iimpawu: i-polyurethane elastomer yi-polymer block, ngokubanzi yenziwe nge-oligomer polyol flexible segment chain chain soft segment, i-disocyanate kunye ne-chain extender ukwenza icandelo eliqinileyo, icandelo elinzima kunye necandelo elithambileyo elitshintshanayo ilungiselelo, ukwenza iyunithi yolwakhiwo oluphindaphindiweyo. Ukongeza kokuqulatha amaqela e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane inokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kweamolekyu, kwaye amacandelo athambileyo kwaye anzima angenza imimandla ye-microphase kwaye avelise ukuhlukana kwe-microphase.
67. Ziziphi iimpawu zokusebenza eziphambili ze-polyurethane elastomers
A: Iimpawu zokusebenza: I-1, amandla aphezulu kunye no-elasticity, ingaba kuluhlu olubanzi lobunzima (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) ukugcina ukuqina okuphezulu; Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubunzima obuphantsi obufunekayo bunokufezekiswa ngaphandle kweplastiki, ngoko akukho ngxaki ebangelwa ukufuduka kweplastiki; I-2, phantsi kobunzima obufanayo, umthamo ophezulu wokuthwala kunezinye ii-elastomers; I-3, ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kokunxiba, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kuphindwe kabini ukuya kwali-10 kunerabha yendalo; 4. Ukuchasana kweoli kunye neekhemikhali okugqwesileyo; Ukumelana nemitha ye-polyurethane enevumba elimnandi; Ukuchasana ne-oxygen egqwesileyo kunye nokuchasana kwe-ozone; I-5, ukuchasana kwempembelelo ephezulu, ukumelana nokudinwa okulungileyo kunye nokuxhathisa ukothuka, okufanelekileyo kwizicelo ze-flexure high-frequency; I-6, ukuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi kulungile; I-7, i-polyurethane eqhelekileyo ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphezu kwe-100 ℃, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwefomula ekhethekileyo inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu be-140 ℃; I-8, iindleko zokubumba kunye nokucubungula ziphantsi.
68. I-polyurethane elastomers ihlelwa ngokwee-polyols, i-isocyanates, iinkqubo zokuvelisa, njl.
A: 1. Ngokwezinto eziluhlaza ze-oligomer polyol, i-polyurethane elastomers inokwahlulwa ibe yi-polyester uhlobo, uhlobo lwe-polyether, uhlobo lwe-polyolefin, uhlobo lwe-polycarbonate, njl njl. 2. Ngokomahluko we-disocyanate, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-aliphatic kunye ne-elastomers enamakha, kwaye ihlulwe ibe yi-TDI uhlobo, uhlobo lwe-MDI, uhlobo lwe-IPDI, uhlobo lwe-NDI kunye nezinye iintlobo; Ukusuka kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, i-polyurethane elastomers ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe ngamacandelo amathathu: uhlobo lokuphosa (CPU), i-thermoplasticity (TPU) kunye nodidi lokuxuba (MPU).
69. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela iimpawu ze-polyurethane elastomers ukusuka kwimbono yesakhiwo se-molecular?
A: Ukusuka kwimbono yesakhiwo semolekyuli, i-polyurethane elastomer yipolymer yebhloko, ngokubanzi yenziwe nge-oligomer polyols flexible segment chain soft segment, diisocyanate kunye nechain extender ukwenza icandelo eliqinileyo, icandelo eliqinileyo kunye necandelo elithambileyo elitshintshanayo ilungiselelo, ukwenza ukuphindaphinda. iyunithi yolwakhiwo. Ukongeza kokuqulatha amaqela e-ammonia ester, i-polyurethane inokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen ngaphakathi naphakathi kweamolekyu, kwaye amacandelo athambileyo kwaye anzima angenza imimandla ye-microphase kwaye avelise ukuhlukana kwe-microphase. Ezi mpawu zolwakhiwo zenza ukuba i-polyurethane elastomers ibe nokumelana okugqwesileyo kunye nokuqina, okwaziwa ngokuba "yirabha engagugiyo".
70. Umahluko wokusebenza phakathi kohlobo lwepolyester eqhelekileyo kunye ne-polytetrahydrofuran uhlobo lwe-elastomers
A: Iimolekyuli ze-polyester ziqulethe amaqela e-polar ester (-COO-), anokwenza i-intramolecular bond hydrogen bond, ngoko ke i-polyester polyurethane inamandla amakhulu, ukumelana nokunxiba kunye nokuchasana kweoli.
I-elastomer elungiselelwe ukusuka kwi-polyether polyols inozinzo oluhle lwe-hydrolysis, ukumelana nemozulu, ukuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi kunye nokumelana nokungunda. Umthombo wenqaku/uPhando lokufunda ngePolymer
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-17-2024